FASTENERS - Bolts and Nut
FASTENERS
Fasteners
There are five most common methods of joining:
1. Mechanical fasteners
• Screws
• Bolts
• Nuts and
• Rivets
2.Welding
3.Brazing
4.Soldering
5. Adhesive bonding.
Mechanical Fasteners
“ A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically
joins or affixes two or more objects together”.
Automotive fasteners are the
mechanical devices or components like bolts, nuts, screw, stud, rivets,
shims, pin, tie rods etc. used for holding or connecting two or more objects
together in a structure. Fasteners are widely used in number of industries
such as aerospace, defense, automotive, petrochemical, waste processing, marine
and pharmaceutical sectors.
Automotive fasteners are made up of variety of metals such
as stainless steel, iron, brass, aluminum, nickel etc.
The parts or components, which need
to be dismantled for repair and replacement, are joined by mechanical
fasteners. For example, the main components of engine such as cylinder
block, cylinder head, cylinder head cover, crank case etc; are joined by
fasteners. Similarly, there are many other subassemblies which are joined
by fasteners to make an engine. If the parts or sub-assemblies malfunction, can
be repaired or replaced by opening the fasteners.
Automotive bolts/machine screws
Automotive bolts often known as threaded
fasteners is one
of the types of auto fasteners that comprises of either a threaded pin or rod
having a head at one end. The bolts are inserted through holes in assembled
parts and fastened by amated nut with a help of torque. Therefore, a bolt is
an externally threaded headed fastener, which is used in conjunction
with a nut.
The machine screw is an externally
threaded headed fastener, which is tightened by applying torque to the head, causing
it to be threaded into the material it will hold. Nearly any bolt with a common
head can be used as a screw by tightening it by the head into a tapped hole.
The head of machine screw does not necessarily be hex can be of different
shapes. Usually, the machine screws are fully threaded.
Pitch diameter: It is a theoretical diameter between the major and minor
diameter of screw threads. Major diameter: It is an imaginary largest diameter
of the thread which would touch the crests of an internal or external thread.
Minor diameter: It is an imaginary smallest diameter of the thread which
would touch the roots of an external thread.
Crest: Crest of the thread is the
top most surface joining the two sides.
Root: The root is the bottom of
the groove between the two flanking surfaces of the thread whether internal or
external.
Flank: The flanks of a thread are
the straight sides that connect the crest and the root.
Pitch: Pitch of a thread is the
distance between 2 crests.
Depth of thread: Depth of a thread is the distance between the crest and
root of the thread.
Angle: The thread angle of a screw is the angle between the threads.
Types of bolts
Carriage bolt Used to fasten metal to timber, with a squared undercut to
the head which holds the bolt in place once it has been tightened.
Elevator bolt Commonly used in conveyor systems, an elevator bolt has a flat, plain or countersunk head which holds the bolt in place when tightened.
Flange bolt Also known as frame bolts,
this type of bolt distributes the bearing load using a washer on the undercut
of the head.
Hanger bolt This type of bolt comprises two threaded ends instead of
having a head, one of which contains a wood screw.
Hexagon bolt/Tap bolt A hexagon bolt comprises a head that has six sides, with threading that begins part-way down the shank, whereas a tap bolt’s shank is threaded the whole length.
Lag bolt Also known as lag screws, this is a heavy-duty fastener that creates its own mating thread in timber and other soft materials when tightened.
Machine bolt This type of bolt has a short shank and is intended for assembling metal components through predrilled holes.
Plow bolt This type of bolt is commonly used in construction tools and other devices due to its durability, and is characterized by its flat countersunk head and square shank neck.
Square head bolt This is similar to a machine bolt in that it has a short shank, in addition to a four-sided bolt head.
Stud bolt This type of bolt has hexagon nuts on both ends. Components are fastened between the two bolts.
Timber bolt Bolts that are meant for use with large timber components.
T-head bolt Has a T-shaped head which can be gripped by a wench and can fit into a slot with ease.
Toggle bolt This type of bolt has an expanding wing-like nut which helps it to mount objects to walls.
U-bolt Similar to staples, U-bolts are bent in the shape of a ‘U’ and are
partially threaded on both ends.
Machine screw types
Fill in the blanks
1. A bolt is an ……………….threaded headed fastener, which is used in conjunction with a nut.
Ans: externally
2. The machine screw is an ……………headed fastener
Ans: externally threaded
1. What is mechanical fasteners ?
“ A fastener is a
hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together. ex- bolts, nuts, screw, stud, rivets,
shims, pin, tie rods etc
2. List the various methods of joining
process?
.Mechanical fasteners
• Screws
• Bolts
• Nuts and
• Rivets
.Welding
.Brazing
.Soldering
.Adhesive bonding.
3. List the area which the Mechanical
fasteners are widely used?
Fasteners are widely used in number of
industries such as aerospace, defence, automotive, petrochemical, waste
processing, marine and pharmaceutical sectors.
4. What is bolt?
A bolt is an externally
threaded headed fastener, which is used in conjunction with a nut.
5. List the various types of automotive
bolts available in market?
A wide variety of automotive bolts are available in the
market such as connecting rod bolts, wheel bolts, hub bolts, U-bolts, J-bolts,
engine mounting bolts, suspension links and bolts, lug bolts, radiator bolts,
motor mount bolts and all mounting plates bolts etc.
6. Draw a neat diagram of
a standard bolt and label the parts?
7. List the various types
of bolts commonly used ?
Anchor bolt Usually embedded in concrete or
masonry for structural applications.
Carriage bolt Used to fasten metal to timber, with
a squared undercut to the head which holds the bolt in place once it has been
tightened.
Elevator bolt Commonly used in conveyor
systems, an elevator bolt has a flat, plain or countersunk head which holds the
bolt in place when tightened.
Flange bolt Also known as frame bolts, this type
of bolt distributes the bearing load using a washer on the undercut of the
head.
Hanger bolt This type of bolt comprises two
threaded ends instead of having a head, one of which contains a wood screw.
Hexagon bolt/Tap bolt A hexagon bolt comprises a head that
has six sides, with threading that begins part-way down the shank, whereas a
tap bolt’s shank is threaded the whole length.
Lag bolt Also known as lag screws, this is a
heavy-duty fastener that creates its own mating thread in timber and other soft
materials when tightened. Machine bolt This type of bolt has a short
shank and is intended for assembling metal components through predrilled holes.
Plow bolt This type of bolt is commonly used
in construction tools and other devices due to its durability, and is
characterized by its flat countersunk head and square shank neck.
Square head bolt This is similar to a machine bolt in
that it has a short shank, in addition to a four-sided bolt head.
Stud bolt This type of bolt has hexagon nuts on both ends.
Components are fastened between the two bolts.
Timber bolt Bolts that are meant for use with
large timber components.
T-head bolt Has a T-shaped head which can be
gripped by a wench and can fit into a slot with ease.
Toggle bolt This type of bolt has an expanding
wing-like nut which helps it to mount objects to walls.
U-bolt Similar to staples, U-bolts are bent in the shape of a ‘U’ and are partially threaded on both ends
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